Places
Bailey:  A courtyard.
Barbican:  A defensive tower or similar fortification at a gate or a bridge leading into a castle or town. An outwork or forward extension of a castle gateway.
Bergfried:  A square, central tower, essential to fortresses of the middle ages.
Hamburg:  Large, independent, Imperial Free City in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire, along the river Elbe.
Lübeck:  Large, independent, Imperial Free City in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire.
Merlon:  part of a battlement, the square "sawtooth" between crenels.
Palisade:  A fence or wall, often constructed of spikes, used for fortification or defense.
Parapet:  A wall or bank used to screen troops from frontal enemy fire, sometimes placed along the top of a rampart. Also a wall or railing used to protect people from falling, as on a balcony or a bridge.
Prusiaski:  A native German word that

 
 
probably helped coin "Prussia."
Rampart:  A defensive embankment, often of earth or stone, surmounted by a parapet, that encircles a castle, a fort, etc. for protection against attack.
Urbino:  Large city in north of Italy, known as a great center of learning in the 14th century.
Wasserburg:  "Water Castle," Any of the German towers built along a river or lake.
 
Things
Arbalest:  Heavier version of the crossbow that uses even slower reload mechanisms, such as a hand crank. It has superior penetrating and damage capabilities.
Bretache:  A flap of mail drawn across the lower face to protect the chin.
Fauchard:  Also known as a Glaive, it is a single-edged blade mounted on a long(7'-9') shaft and fitted with a circular plate just below the head.
Harnache:  armor, usually in reference to a complete suit.

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